Sociology

replicationS OF IDENTITY , DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS WITH REFERENCE TO LATE 20 TH blow MACHINES , THEIR IMPACT , DIFFERENCE BETWEEN subjective AND REALAuthor AffiliationABSTRACTTHE ESSAY IS A CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE ISSUE OF IDENTITY IN SOCIAL SCIENCES . THE FACTORS THAT DETERMINE AN IDENTITY , CONCEPTS THAT fixate THEM , DETERMINANTS THAT AFFECT IDENTITIES , THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIAL ISSUES . CONSEQUENCES THAT HAVE jazz THEM TO MAKE THE PRESENT SOCIETY . THE THEORIES THAT ELUDICATE THESE ISSUES AND THE FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF THE IDENTITIES WITH turf tabuional REFERENCE TO 20 CENTURY MACHINES THREATENING THE ESSENCE OF innate AND ARTIFICIAL , MIND AND BODY , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES . FOCUS ON THE positioning OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS IN AUSTRALIA WITH A clientele FOR THE ISSUE OF IDENTITIES IN THE COUNTRY ISSUE OF IDENTITY , 2OTH CENTURY MACHINES , AMBIGUITY IN THE DIFFERENCE OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES hearty scientist Woodward (2003 ) discusses electric outlets of individuation as iodine of the key factors within the kind acquaintances . The kind betwixt the ad hominem and the individual on the one happen , and the neighborly on the new(prenominal) , questions the links surrounded by individuals and the societies in which they live , with the influence of one on the other (Woodward 2003The accident of distinction of one from the other addresses the concept of identity element and cracks a means of thinking slightly , and of reason how the personal and the hearty atomic number 18 connected when new technologies notch challenges to the certainties close to identities at a personal level (Woodward , 2003What is an identity and what is a affectionate importThe friendly philosopher Mead (1934 ) defines a ` affable eject as a combination of factors that construct and consume a behavior of a group of muckle called decree and uses this belief to show how the personal and individual is linked to the loving in the development of tiddlerren We scarcely learn self-importance-importance awargonness by means of connecting the `I to the `me The `I is the un kindlyized child who is a collect of needs , wants and desires and the me is the social self (Mead , 1934What are the social factors that determine an identityIt is inferred that social determinants of an identity issue are derived from demographic , stinting and political factors . The demographic determinants take ethnicity , race , geography , color and gender of the identity . economic identity is determined by the status of the country with elongation to its prudence and the purchasing power of citizens (Haraway , 2003 (Zukin ,S . 2004 (Bernstein ,2005 (S get tor , 2002How are identities represented in society societal scientists increasingly address the question of representational systemin ontogenesis an understanding of how identities are constructed and how people come to take up incident identity positions . Of course it is not only social scientists who have these troubles well-nigh how identities are represented in society . Politicians , commercial-grade enterprises and advertising agencies employ the insights of social erudition in developing promotional and marketing strategies which encourage the voter or the consumer to chance upon with a livingstyle or unfeignedise promoted and most signifi bottom of the inningtly , to sign up for the political party or procure the product in to do so (Woodward , 2003Impact of identities on social issues. Woodward (2003 ) suggests , refugees and those seeking asylum from repressive regimes and economic deprivation persist to movements . Global capitals require skilled labour and provoke migration of people across the boundaries of nation states pointing at repairs of identities on social issues . Social identity raises questions to the meanings to the identities of US citizens in the aftermath of September 11 , 2001 . Woodward (2003 ) describes the competing or variety of opinioning identities in global arena in legal injury of , Conflict between Croats , Serbs and Bosnians , Tutsi and Hutu in Rwanda . The conflicts between corporal identities , ethnic groups or between explicitly religious groups such(prenominal) as Catholics and Protestants or Muslims and Jews lead to conflict and sluice impetuous hostilities (Woodward , 2003Turner (1992 ) points out , neglect of gender , race , and ethnicity plays a major role to bring about a re cast in social upbeat and shape up the social rights of the citizens of Australia in recent times , This exemplify the impact of identities on social issues (Turner ,1992 Several acts find and test alternative mechanisms to storey for the relationships between organizing around certain identities and particular movement outcomes as one of the impacts of the identity issues . Turner (1999 ) assumes that essential identities inhibit the geological formation of coalitions . She claims , focus on choice of identity enables the intersexed movement (Turner ,1999 . til now , Bernstein (2002a ) in her historical analysis of the lesbian and gay finds that structures and contextual factors as well as strategic decisions rather than an essential view of identity account for a movements emphasis on cultural and political change and ability to , for , coalition (Bernstein , 2003 This identity talk in the public sphere is culturally constructed by means of and through interactional routines and exacerbates or mitigates tension (Lichter troops ,1999 . Dyke (2003 ) suggests , external threats get out the impetus to cross movement alliances and organizational ideology has greater impact than movement identities in forming coalitionsEconomic factors - Capitalism and consumerismZukin and Maguire (2004 ) remark , Sociologists in the United States have generally ignored the of inhalation precisely they have done so at their own bring out , though consuming basic goods is as ancient as tender-hearted society , at that place is a reason to accept that consumption of more than elaborate goods and work and the consumption potential , assume an overwhelming signifi female genital organce in modern life . Sales of technologically sophisticated consumer goods standardised automobiles , DVDs and personal computers bemuse up a greater portion of domestic economy around the initiation . Advertisements increasingly promote the use of goods and services and shape up public finale (Zukin , Maguire , 2004 Capitalism induces a desire to satisfy and consume more than minimum levels of somatogenic needs for food , clothing and shelter . A good fetish becomes a social need Marx (1972 ) acknowledges men and women like to dress up and eat well , merely describes these acts as zoology functions (Marx , 1972 ,Zukin and Maguire , 2004Political factorsBernstein (2005 ) put forward two views which rest on theory of power Class inequality , the only legitimate source of exploitation and oppression class culture and economic inequality , primary agents of social change umpteen of the work , challenge the views of social activists . individuality politics is not seen as a political practice that challenges important relationships of power but is unders besidesd in symbolic , cultural and psychological terms because of theoretical assumptions (Bernstein 2005Kauff gentlemans gentleman (1990 ) claims , identity groups tend to splinter ever more into narrow categories and cannot agree or sustain on any(prenominal)thing except opposition to a common enemy Such a kind of Politics leads to an inability to form coalitions to agitate for liberal or revolutionary social change (Kauffman , 1990What are the factors that determine social issues of identity Late 20th coulomb makes the struggle between indispensable and artificial , encephalon and personate , self developing and eternally designed thoroughly evasive . umpteen other distinctions apply to organism and machines (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties about identities and the contemporaneous cosmea offers many such examples (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between merciful and animal , is thoroughly breached in the late 20th deoxycytidine monophosphate . Nothing really convincingly settles the separation of human and animal . Biology and evolutionary theory simultaneously reduce the railroad line between humans and animals to a faint trace , re-etch ideologic struggle or professional disputes between life and social sciences over last two centuries (Woodward 2003 ) The development in science creates conamalgamation and chaos in the issues of identities , virtue of birth , natural and social , a choice by an individual dependable now the advent of science and technology , new inventions for human consumption meddle in the essence of real and the ones scientists construct (Woodward , 2003 sassy technologies also offer challenges to certainties about identity at a personal level . Haraway (n .d ) as cited by Woodward (2003 :36 elaborates her account by the illustrations of case studies in 2001 . A French muliebrity gives birth to a child using the egg of an unknown donor fertilized by her brother s sperm . At the identical time Italian Professor Severino Antinoris announces of 200 checks who participate in an experiment to produce clone babies to center considerable disquiet on the identity of the people so created . Cloning troubles our whizz of who we are and raises doubts of our genetic uniqueness . Such developments illustrate nigh of the uncertainties we are beset in the present-day(a) world (Woodward , 2003 Identities are the common currency of popular tele mountain as they offer apparent superficial and distorted identities about `good and ` ruinous . Whether we delve deeper into our selves , in search of greater certainty about `who we are or take to the streets in bitter conflict to protect our identities , identity is an important feature of the contemporary world (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) states , to have an identity involves being active in some way , regular though for many people there is only limited choice Identification is the term often used in psychoanalysis to describe the process of pickings up an identity and this process goes much further than just copying the behavior and attitudes of others (Woodward 2003Woodward (2003 ) Identification involves taking an identity into yourself . individualism is not only about what others see as behavior and outward observable expressions of who we are , it is also about the internal , about feelings and the inner space where emotions and desires are played out (Woodward , 2003 . Freud (1905 ) uses the concept of identification to describe and explain the ways in which children adopt gender identities through the psychological process . iodine aspect of account is similar to that of Mead (1934 . Freud (1905 ) concerns more with the problems and conflicts that occur to form identity Mead (1934 Freud s (1905 ) particular concern is with the impact of the unconscious mind on our experience but not a concern for Mead (1934 (Woodward 2003 ,Freud , 1905Petchesky (2000 ) uses the example of the visual image of the baby in the uterus to show the privilege of visual representation and suggests the possibility of reason links to other discursive fields and senses Photographic image produced through ultrasound scanning connotes wider social and cultural meanings and that photographs are not simple reflections of something real she argues (Petchesky , 2000 ,Woodward 2003 Representations involve the images , haggling , sounds and practices through which meanings are expressed . It is through these representations that we make sense of the world and of our place in it that is of our identities . It is little wonder that advertisers are elicit in how systems of representation work (Woodward ,2003The cultural theorist Barthes (1972 ) argues , texts are all forms of representations not just words and images also ceremonies , rituals robes , films , buildings , hairstyles and tele mess programmes . This gives plenty to work with , but new technologies nominate additional texts and we could add the Internet as another spot for the production of meanings about who we are and who we could be (Barthes ,1972 ,Woodward 2003Hi tech babies riposte is an area of human life that might seem to offer the greatest , most essential certainties , yet the advent of productive technologies mentioned above subverts even the certainty of set abouthood (Woodward , 2003 . Woodward (2003 ) comments , technologies make even childbearing - the most embodied of human relations , when one body is enclosed within another - seem both disembodied and distanced Artificial reproductive technologies create the possibility of a woman carrying a fetus produced in vitro by the fusion of another woman s egg and the sperm of an anonymous man . the baby , if carried to term becomes the child of yet another , surrogate parent or parents can raise conflicting questions of who the child s perplex is in this situation The confusion , Woodward (2003 ) narrates , if it is the host mother who carries the fetus and gives birth to the baby or the genetic mother who provided the egg , or the person who puts in the long-term sturdy work and provides care for the child (Woodward , 2003 . In such a scenario the possibilities of techno science confuse existing understandings of parental identities (Woodward , 2003Embodied identitiesWoodward (2003 ) wonders if the body offers bail about `who we are Common sense infers thoughts about alternatives to re-conceptualize the idea of our identities and the possibility of roots in our biology , in bodies live by us . We could reconsider how far changing technologies conciliate new spaces to negotiate events in cyberspace The late twentieth blow machines have made the differences between people and machines ambiguous (Woodward , 2003 . Balsamo (2003 argues , virtual reality offers the possibility of constructing realities free from the determination of body-based `real identities (Balsamo 2000 . Cyberspace is a body-free environment where labels you carry in other spaces of your life , a woman or a man do not matter . In MUDs (multi-user domains ) or even more dramatically MUSH (multi-user shared hallucinations ) people can conduct relationships without ever meeting physically and construct themselves through a whole series of such relationships (Woodward , 2003Cyborg thinkingHaraway (1980 ) offers the concept of cyborg to challenge customal natural , social , mind /body , human /machine , human /animal constraining opposites , and breaks fell the boundary categorizations of man and machine to question how new technologies can open up new ways of thinking about identityThe cyborg offers a new way of thinking about a conceptualization of the relationship between human beings and techno science , people and machines .

Haraway (1980 ) argues the breakdown of distinctions between animals and people , humans and machines and between science and fiction in the late twentieth century to construct the concept of the cyborg , to bridge the gap between human and animal and machine . For Haraway (1980 , developments in scientific culture have made it impossible to make clear distinctions any more Woodward (2003 The 20 th Century machines have created controversial implications to the issues of social , political and cultural identities of the citizens of the globe . Dissolving boundaries , revolt consumerism and genetic engineering have threatened the very issue of identity that social scientists have studied , identified to be a strong binding force of an individual to the society (Woodward ,2003 ,Shaver ,2002 ,Bernstein ,2005 ,Zukin ,Maguire ,2004Critical Analysis and Evaluation with context to AustraliaZukin , Maguire (2004 ) reason greater impact of Globalization in Australia and stark naked Zealand than elsewhere due to senior high historical protection and open economies to foreign trade by both Nations . Shaver (2002 ) informs the implication of public assistance reform , a process long under way , outdated , because welfare safety nets create post war era honest usance and stable family standards for the meaning of social citizenship in Australia (Shaver , 2002Commonwealth of Australia takes the ideas much further Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . For the first time these reforms break with the tradition of male bread winner family and treat the partners of a parallel as separate individuals who potentially require to seek craft The new valuation of activity identifies citizenship less with members of a social community than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 Shaver s (2002 ) focus on welfare , dependence among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a essential , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 ) idealized vision . As Marshall (1963 ) sees welfare state citizenship to be world(a) , as all social classes share the same social protection . But the strong criticism points its reliance too singularly on British historical experience (Marshall ,1963 . Huber and Stephens (1999 ) severalise unemployment a proximate cause of welfare state downsizing or constraintPearson (2000 ) argues , welfare poison a force for social breakdown in these communities . European welfare States prove importantly more secure against erosion than Australian more expeditious System of income support (Esping , 1999Conclusion Late 20th century makes the difference between natural and artificial mind and body , self developing and eternally designed thoroughly ambiguous . Many other distinctions apply to organism and machines (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties about identities and the contemporary world offers many such examples (Woodward , 2003 Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between human and animal , is thoroughly breached in the late twentieth century Impact of Globalization in Australia and sensitive Zealand , reforms break with the tradition of male bread winner family and treat the partners of a couple as separate individuals who potentially require to seek employment , the new valuation of activity identifies citizenship less with members of a social community than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 . Shaver s (2002 ) focus on welfare , dependence among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a significant , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 idealized vision but . Marshall (1963 ) sees welfare state citizenship to be general . this , self explains the summary , of the critical analysis and evaluation of the canvass in context to AustraliaIn-text Reference(Balsamo , A .2000 .Embodied Identities . get along of Identities(Bartha , 2000 . cut of Identities(Barthes , 1972 . Issue of Identities(Bernstein , M 2002a . Attributing actor to indistinguishability . identity Politics(Bernstein , M 2003 . Attributing Causality to individuality . Identity Politics(Bernstein , M 2005 . Approaches to Defining Identity . Identity Politics(Commonwealth of Australia , 1994(Esping , Anderson ,1999 . Retracting Social Citizenship . Australian eudaimonia domesticize : From Citizenship to management(Freud ,S , 1905 . Identification .Issues of Identity(Haraway ,D ,2003 .Issues of Identity(Kauffman ,1990 .Consequences of Identity Politics . Identity Politics(Marshall ,T .H ,1963 . Australian Social Citizenship . Australia Australian upbeat make better : From Citizenship to surveillance(Marx ,1972 .Introduction . Consumers and Consumption(Mead ,G .H ,1934 .What Do You Mean by Identity . Issues of Identity(Pearson ,N ,2000 .The New Virtues : Activity and Participation Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision(Petchesky ,R , 2000 .Representation . Issue of Identity(Shaver ,S ,2004 .The New Virtue : Active Participation . Consumers and Consumption(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Introduction . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Abstract . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1992 .Australian Social Citizenship . Australian Welfare Reform From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1999 .Experience /Identity and Strategy . Identity Politics(Woodward ,K ,2003 .Representations . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .Introduction . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .What Do We Mean by Identity . Issues of Identity(Zukin ,S , Maguire ,S .J ,2004 .Introduction . Consumers and ConsumptionBibliographyAustralia (nd ) Retrieved March 16 ,07 . From en /wikipedia .org /wiki /AustraliaBalsemo ,A (2000 . The boastful Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBartha (2000 . The Big Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBernstein , M (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp 47-74Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and judicial system , 4 (pp .331-345 ) BlackwellEsping , Anderson (1999 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellFreud ,S (1905 . The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkHaraway ,D (2003 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkKauffman (1990 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol , 31 (pp . 47-74Marshall ,T .H (1963 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellMarx .K (1972 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Mead ,G .H (1934 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Pearson ,N (2000 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellPetchesky ,R (2000 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkShaver ,S (2004 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Shaver ,S (2002 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner (1992 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner .R (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp .47-74Woodward ,K (2003 . The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkZukin ,S ,Maguire ,S .J (2004 . Consumers and Consumption Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97First 2 or 3 words of Title PAGE 15 ...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Orderessay

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